![]() Donald Judd 1928-1994 |
1928 | |
born in Missouri. Studied philosophy at Colombia University, art at Art Student League. |
| 1950〜 | started the activities as a painter. | ||
| 1957 | age 29 | held the one-man exhibition. re-entered Colombia University studied art history, began to write critique. |
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| around 1960 | quit painting shifted to three dimensional art. | ||
| 1965 | age 37 | wrote a paper "Specific objects". | |
| 1984 | 56 | criticized the low quality of New Expressionism. | |
| 1987 | 59 | spread the big project in Texas. | |
| 1994 | 66 | died | |
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ジャッドのアトリエ。家具も作品と同じ様に制作された。 |
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Judd tried to seek the opposite pole of the
emotional and chaotic expression of Abstract Expressionism. Jadd already
understood that the reality of object which the Science and Technology had
brought has overwhelmed that of painting. So he had to find a new way to
express his <SOGAI> in City.
This work is composed by seven metal boxes regularly attached on the wall. The flat and shining surface of the boxes looks refusing our expectation to be emotionally impressed by an art work. Those boxes which he had ordered from a factory, have no such artistic contents. They are literally empty boxes. His work was called Minimal Art; in the contemporary art that has shifted its field to the daily life objects, he has minimized the element of expression and presented it as an simple objective structure.
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Judd tried to overcome Abustract Expressionism
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It was the emotional expression of Abstract Expressionism
which had blocked Judd's way. Pollock, concentrating his unconscious
field, had heightened the expressive element beyond the limit of modern
painting; to get that height, he had thrown away subject- matters and
images from his painting. It was his countermeasure against the reality in
City in which painting was also seen from objective view point. In
Abstract Expressionism, the height of emotion, had been identified with
the intensity of object.
The unconsciousness was supposed as the field where the self (spirit) and objects have not yet clearly separated, they have melted in one chaotic state. Going into that chaotic unconscious field, the Abstract Expressionists had sought their expression to unite spirit and object. But the next generation artists including Judd, have understood that such emotional field had been already exceeded by the reality of objects in City. So, for them, the spectacle of Abstract Expressionistsユ struggle to compete the strength of passion with each other seemed to be a desperate race within a school. |
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Judd, as well as Rauschenberg and Johns, tried to get his break through by watching the real City Space. Though, what he wanted to grasp was not the real object in City like Rauschenberg got, nor Sign in City as Johns did, but a fundamental structure of City Space. Jaddユs activity located on the extension of Mondrian's abstract art that had reduced the natural space to fundamental pictorial elements. |
![]() Piet Mondrian, Broad Way Boogy-Woogy 1942-4 |
As compared with Mondrian's reduction to two dimensional elements, Judd has taken three dimension. Because thought that the painting had been over by the Abstract Expressionism, so there had been no possibility left in the expression of two diminution. He has conceptually grasped the Contemporary City Space: the Contemporary City Space was specified by the huge group of buildings; they could be reduced to an assemblage of rectangular parallelepipeds. As Cubists had reduced the space to cubes, Judd has reduced to simple box shapes. |
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Judd sought a new material to realize that simple box shapes. In
Contemporary City, every new industrial materials competed its intensity. In
that situation, the oil colors and canvas were compared their intensity with new
materials such as construction materials and paints.
Judd has made a comment on the material of art work; "The oil colors and canvas are not stronger than the commercial paints and the surface and colors of industrial materials, especially when they are used in three dimensions. As well as plane rectangles, oil colors and canvas are familiar objects for us, they have a certain specific qualitative value and limits. It is this value which specifically is identified with art." (The comment is re-translation by the writer from Japanese publication.) On the view point of Sign, his comment meant that the combination of oil colors and canvas was already a fixed Sign that meaning and value were determined beforehand. So, under that situation, whatever pictures the artist might paint, as long as the painter used oil colors and canvas, that material led the meaning and value of his work to that fixed range of Sign. |
Untitled,1987, 25.4×101.6×25.4cm. |
As he has intended to liberate his expression from the fixed Sign
of art, he called his structural object 'specific object'. That meant his object
was set in the situation totally separeted from ordinally one that Sign was set.
Looking into his measures, at first, he selected metal plates as his material
among the industrial products. Secondly, he has ordered that box shapes to a
factory, did not make them by himself to eliminate theartistユs trace of hands
on his work.
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Third, he would not make any plastic composition as cubists
or Mondrian had done to avoid his work fell into the same category of former
art. So only he has done was treated his simple boxes as units, displayed each
of them in a regular distance.
He commented that he had abandoned the words 'order' and 'structure', because these two words meant that something was going to be formed. ( This comment is re-translation from Japanese publication by the writer.) Those were his method to set his object as a pure essence of objective world. Judd's intention was to make his specific objects totally separated from Sign
of art, completely blank of meaning. But ironically, against his comment, his
specific objects seemed to express 'order' and 'structure' itself. I should say
that his reductive concept did not have a enough range to examine the function
of Sign in City. What he has made seemed to be no more than a model of the order
in City. Actually, he Sign System has named his specific objects Minimal art,
put them in its context that Judd had refused to be classified. Judd's expression expression ↑ --------------------------- <nature / objects in City / individual>
= fundamental structure of objects |
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Judd has made a strict criticism against the Neo-Expressionism in
80's. His assertion was as below:
The quality of art that newly coming up for these 50 years was always getting poor; Neo-Expressionists, Schnabel, Kiefer, Salle, Baseliz...their painting were no more than the refashioning of previous expressions; 25 years ago there were about 100 artists who made better works than Schnabel, many of them were still alive and making their works; he could not explain why from the latter half of 40's to the first half of 50's and from the latter half of 50's to the early 60's, so many capable artists have come out, and why there were few in recent years. (This were re-translated summary from Japanese version of his comment in 1984 by the writer.) In order to make his criticism valid, he should have examined the cause why the quarity of recent art seemed poor and why so many capable artists came out from the latter half of 50's to the early 60's. We will see some answers of those questions to clarify the situation in which the Contemporary Artists have faced. Neo-Expressionistsユ 'poor' technique was called 'heta-uma' (unskillful-
skillful manner) in Japan. That naming indicated that their unskillful manner of
painting has become an effective skill of painting. Judd who stood on the field
of modernism, could not understand why their tactics would work effectively.
Donald Judd, A.A.84,oct[特集]現代美術-ウォーホル以後,美術手帳.1988.10. |
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確かに、ジャッドの言うように、シュナベールやバゼリッツの表現は二○世紀初頭の表現主義 のスタイルにきわめてよく似かよっていて、一見したところ、表現主義の単なる焼き直しのようにみえます。しかも、ジャッドが憤慨するように、その表現はかつての表現主義の絵画にくらべて、造形としてまとまりが悪く、散漫、投げやりで低俗さが前面に漂っています。 |
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ジャッドの誘い出された憤慨にこそ、新表現主義の作家たちのねらいがあります。 |
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私たちの日常は、機能と効率の絶えまない上昇をめざす<システム>の幻想に包まれています。ジャッドが彼の芸術表現を展開するのは、この流れのうえです。 |
![]() 「法悦のフランチェスカ」 J.シュナベール1980, 243.8×213.3cm |
ところが、新表現主義の作家たちの表現は、絶えまない上昇をめざす<システム>の幻想と全く反対の方向をむき、生の初源の情念の混沌に逆行します。 |
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ジャッドは自身が抽象表現主義以降、絵画は終ったという認識から出発しながら、先の批評では、戦前の近代絵画に属する表現主義の表現と八○年代に登場したシュナベールやバゼリッツをはじめとするの新表現主義の表現を同列に置き、そのまま比較しています。しかし、私たちがみてきたように、近代の芸術と現代の芸術表現とは、ポロックを分岐点にして位相を異にしています。 |
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ジャッドは抽象表現主義以後の絵画の終焉の認識から制作を展開しながら、彼の批評がそこから出発しないのは不合理という他ありません。彼には、科学技術の進歩と同伴し同じ進歩と発展の上昇カーブを描かこうとする、言わば発展の幻想が根強くあります。 彼はその幻想のうえに立って都市と芸術の現象面をとらえます。その姿勢が彼の営為の根本的な欠陥となってあらわれます。 |
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ここで、ポロック以後の表現の位相をもう一度整理してみます。 |
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現代の芸術が概念と事物の関係を問い直そうとする時、そこには都市の事物と記号のあり方が視野に入ってきます。 |
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現代において、イメージの記号を占有し操作しているのが都市の<記号のシステム>です。 芸術を含むすべてのイメージはその体系下にあります。
<システム>は新たなイメージを取り込み、
絶えずイメージの記号のオーダーを再編し流通させるサイクル的な運動です。長く命脈を保つイメージの記号は、再編流通のサイクルの中で何度も繰り返し登場します。逆に言えば、イメージは<システム>再編流通のサイクルに乗って何度も繰り返し使われることによって生き長らえます。 |
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ウォーホルが彼の芸術表現でなぞってみせたように、都市の<記号化のシステム>は、イメージの記号の再編流通のサイクル、記号の再記号化を繰り返しさらに完備したシステムをめざします。<システム>の完備が進んだ八〇年代には、芸術の記号のひとつ表現主義絵画を再度自己の芸術の記号として提出する人たちがあらわれます。 |
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Though Judd has tried to advance Mondrian's abstract
concept to objectify the City Space, his reductive method has ceased his
work within a presentation of fundamental model of City Space. In 1987,
attempting to get rid of that limit, he has made enormous concrete units
in the wilds of Texas. His trial to give a larger scale to his concept
could not be the break-through of his situation. Regretablly, that trial
has made his work no more than fragments of the architecture in City.
Actually, they looked like big units of building materials left unused in
the construction site.
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![]() テキサスのプロジェクト1987 |
![]() テキサスのプロジェクト1987 |
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That result was brought by his attitude that he has directly connected his concept with the object. After all, he could not reach other relationship between concept and object than as 'model' and as 'fragment'. Without knowing that, Jadd also followed the relationship of concept and object in Signs in the Mass System. |
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ジャッドがめざしたのは、モンドリアンが試みた還元をさらに高次にすすめ、 現代都市そのものを対象化した芸術表現をくりひろげることでした。 |
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